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Second cousins once removed.

Even when you’ve figured out how family relations work, families, in just a few generations, can get surprisingly complex. I won’t pretend this one doesn’t require a little study. What is a first, second or third cousin? And what does once or twice removed have to do with anything? One way to think about it is that the first, second or third cousins, have to do with the number of generations you are away from a shared ancestor. So, who you would probably normally call your cousins — your parents brothers or sisters, children — have one generation, your parents generation, before reaching grandparents that are shared by both. If you have children, and your first cousins have children, they will be second cousins to eachother as it’s now two generations to a shared ancestor — their great grandparents in this case. While first, second, or third cousins of eachother are of the same generation, when you are once removed it means you are cousins one generation apart. So, you would be first cousins once removed with your cousin’s children. If you look at the sketch, you’ll actually see that you are second cousins once removed with your parent’s cousin’s grandchildren. Simple ¯_(ツ)_/¯ The sketch gets pretty complicated to see this, and that’s without even showing having more than one sibling, any of the in-law families, or considering divorces, remarries, half-brothers, step mothers and the like. Crikey.…Even when you’ve figured out how family relations work, families, in just a few generations, can get surprisingly complex. I won’t pretend this one doesn’t require a little study. What is a first, second or third cousin? And what does once or twice removed have to do with anything? One way to think about it is that the first, second or third cousins, have to do with the number of generations you are away from a shared ancestor. So, who you would probably normally call your cousins — your parents brothers or sisters, children — have one generation, your parents generation, before reaching grandparents that are shared by both. If you have children, and your first cousins have children, they will be second cousins to eachother as it’s now two generations to a shared ancestor — their great grandparents in this case. While first, second, or third cousins of eachother are of the same generation, when you are once removed it means you are cousins one generation apart. So, you would be first cousins once removed with your cousin’s children. If you look at the sketch, you’ll actually see that you are second cousins once removed with your parent’s cousin’s grandchildren. Simple ¯_(ツ)_/¯ The sketch gets pretty complicated to see this, and that’s without even showing having more than one sibling, any of the in-law families, or considering divorces, remarries, half-brothers, step mothers and the like. Crikey.

28 Jul 2018

Acronym vs initialism illustration: comparing the acronym laser—pronounced as a word— and the initialism FBI—pronounced by saying the letters

Acronyms and initialisms

We all know that you make an acronym by taking the initial letters of a set of words and putting them together. So Random Access Memory becomes RAM, or the United States becomes the US. But I only found out recently that these two examples are actually different. An acronym is when the initials of a set of words are said as a word, like laser (light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation), radar (radio detection and ranging), sonar (sound navigation and ranging), NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) or NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration). An initialism, by contrast, is when a set of initials are pronounced as letters when you say them, like FBI, CIA, US, BBC or CD. More word-related sketchplanations This sketch was revised for my book Big Ideas Little Pictures. Here's the original.…We all know that you make an acronym by taking the initial letters of a set of words and putting them together. So Random Access Memory becomes RAM, or the United States becomes the US. But I only found out recently that these two examples are actually different. An acronym is when the initials of a set of words are said as a word, like laser (light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation), radar (radio detection and ranging), sonar (sound navigation and ranging), NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) or NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration). An initialism, by contrast, is when a set of initials are pronounced as letters when you say them, like FBI, CIA, US, BBC or CD. More word-related sketchplanations This sketch was revised for my book Big Ideas Little Pictures. Here's the original.

21 Jul 2018

What is 2 factor authentication (2FA) and its meaning: using something you know, something you are, and something you have

What is Two-Factor Authentication (2FA)?

Two-factor authentication (2FA) adds an extra layer of security by requiring two different types of proof to verify your identity. Unlike using a single password, which could be guessed or stolen, 2FA combines multiple forms of authentication to ensure better protection against unauthorised access. How Does 2FA Work? Two-factor authentication typically involves providing two types of evidence from these three categories: • Something you know: e.g., a password or PIN. • Something you have: e.g., a physical card, a key, or a phone. • Something you are: e.g., your fingerprint, voice, or facial recognition. For example: • Logging into an account might require your password (something you know) and a verification code sent to your phone (something you have). • Using a credit card at an ATM requires the card itself (something you have) and your PIN (something you know). This combination significantly reduces the risk of unauthorised access, even if one factor is compromised. Everyday Examples of 2FA • Photo ID verification: You present a photo ID (something you have) and must match the photo (something you are). • ATM withdrawals: Using your debit card (something you have) alongside your PIN (something you know). • Smartphone logins: Entering a password (something you know) and confirming your identity with a fingerprint (something you are). Why Use Two-factor Authentication? Cybercriminals are sneaky and constantly finding new ways to breach security. Two-factor authentication (2FA) provides a vital extra layer of defence by requiring two independent forms of verification. Even if one factor, like a password, is stolen, the second factor helps keep your account secure. Multi-factor authentication (MFA) takes this even further by incorporating two or more factors, adding additional safeguards. Whether you’re protecting personal accounts or sensitive business data, 2FA and MFA are simple yet highly effective tools to reduce the risks of phishing attacks, password leaks, and unauthorised access. This sketch features in my book Big Ideas Little Pictures Related Ideas to Two-Factor Authentication Also see: Types of phishing: phishing, spear-phishing, whaling The bus factor Choose passwords that make you happy 8 character password combinations…Two-factor authentication (2FA) adds an extra layer of security by requiring two different types of proof to verify your identity. Unlike using a single password, which could be guessed or stolen, 2FA combines multiple forms of authentication to ensure better protection against unauthorised access. How Does 2FA Work? Two-factor authentication typically involves providing two types of evidence from these three categories: • Something you know: e.g., a password or PIN. • Something you have: e.g., a physical card, a key, or a phone. • Something you are: e.g., your fingerprint, voice, or facial recognition. For example: • Logging into an account might require your password (something you know) and a verification code sent to your phone (something you have). • Using a credit card at an ATM requires the card itself (something you have) and your PIN (something you know). This combination significantly reduces the risk of unauthorised access, even if one factor is compromised. Everyday Examples of 2FA • Photo ID verification: You present a photo ID (something you have) and must match the photo (something you are). • ATM withdrawals: Using your debit card (something you have) alongside your PIN (something you know). • Smartphone logins: Entering a password (something you know) and confirming your identity with a fingerprint (something you are). Why Use Two-factor Authentication? Cybercriminals are sneaky and constantly finding new ways to breach security. Two-factor authentication (2FA) provides a vital extra layer of defence by requiring two independent forms of verification. Even if one factor, like a password, is stolen, the second factor helps keep your account secure. Multi-factor authentication (MFA) takes this even further by incorporating two or more factors, adding additional safeguards. Whether you’re protecting personal accounts or sensitive business data, 2FA and MFA are simple yet highly effective tools to reduce the risks of phishing attacks, password leaks, and unauthorised access. This sketch features in my book Big Ideas Little Pictures Related Ideas to Two-Factor Authentication Also see: Types of phishing: phishing, spear-phishing, whaling The bus factor Choose passwords that make you happy 8 character password combinations

15 Jul 2018

The Rashomon effect

The Rashomon effect is the name given to situations where people give mutually contradictory versions of the same event. Named after the 1950’s Japanese film Rashomon—widely seen as a masterpiece—which hinges on four conflicting descriptions of the same incident. Also commonly seen on the football field by coaches after the game.…

7 Jul 2018

How owls’ necks turn so far round

Owls are famous for being able to turn their heads seemingly full circle. It turns out some owls can turn their necks an amazing 270 degrees whereas our necks turn a measly 180 or so — see if you can turn your chin along your shoulder on both sides. However, it’s likely the cause for this amazing feat is that, unlike our eyes, theirs are set facing forward and don’t rotate. So rotating their head becomes a key skill. Biomechanically they are able to turn so far by having twice the neck vertebrae as we do. If each vertebrae turns a little then having more helps them twist much further than us. And yet the real trick is turning your neck while maintaining blood supply to your head through the arteries that also run up your neck. Rotate too far and the arteries can twist, stretch or be impeded. Owls have evolved a number of nifty strategies to help them turn their necks while maintaining blood flow. These include having the large carotid arteries towards the centre where they twist less than ours do, which run up the sides of our vertebrae. They also have loads of space around the arteries that run up inside the vertebrae and an area that may pool with blood at the base of the skull to provide a kind of reservoir if flow gets restricted. And more. All kind of amazing.…Owls are famous for being able to turn their heads seemingly full circle. It turns out some owls can turn their necks an amazing 270 degrees whereas our necks turn a measly 180 or so — see if you can turn your chin along your shoulder on both sides. However, it’s likely the cause for this amazing feat is that, unlike our eyes, theirs are set facing forward and don’t rotate. So rotating their head becomes a key skill. Biomechanically they are able to turn so far by having twice the neck vertebrae as we do. If each vertebrae turns a little then having more helps them twist much further than us. And yet the real trick is turning your neck while maintaining blood supply to your head through the arteries that also run up your neck. Rotate too far and the arteries can twist, stretch or be impeded. Owls have evolved a number of nifty strategies to help them turn their necks while maintaining blood flow. These include having the large carotid arteries towards the centre where they twist less than ours do, which run up the sides of our vertebrae. They also have loads of space around the arteries that run up inside the vertebrae and an area that may pool with blood at the base of the skull to provide a kind of reservoir if flow gets restricted. And more. All kind of amazing.

30 Jun 2018

Conway’s Law

Conway's law is, paraphrased, that the structure of software will mirror the structure of the organisation that built it. Conway was mostly observing software development, but I would think it has some application to any large project: cruise ship design, car design, space shuttle design, and maybe even governments and law. Law is kind of a strong word for an observation, but in any case, here are some other "laws": Fitt’s law Metcalfe’s law Goodhart’s Law Muphry’s law Moore’s law Koomey’s law The law of diminishing brownies The law of lockers and, my favourite, Hofstadter’s Law…Conway's law is, paraphrased, that the structure of software will mirror the structure of the organisation that built it. Conway was mostly observing software development, but I would think it has some application to any large project: cruise ship design, car design, space shuttle design, and maybe even governments and law. Law is kind of a strong word for an observation, but in any case, here are some other "laws": Fitt’s law Metcalfe’s law Goodhart’s Law Muphry’s law Moore’s law Koomey’s law The law of diminishing brownies The law of lockers and, my favourite, Hofstadter’s Law

23 Jun 2018

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